80 research outputs found
Lobbying : et egnet begrep?
Artikkelen ble publisert i Norsk statsvitenskapelig tidsskrift nr 3, 1999Hvor statsvitenskapelig fruktbart er det Ä definere store deler av det politikerne gjÞr qua folkevalgte, som lobbying? Mister ikke begrepet om lobbying forklaringskraft dersom det ogsÄ fanger opp alt fra enkeltpersoners henvendelser overfor Stortinget og stortingsrepresentanter til bedrifters bruk av profesjonelle lobbyister for Ä pÄvirke politiske avgjÞrelser? I pÄfÞlgende artikkel setter
forfatteren kritisk lys pÄ det (vide) lobbyingbegrepet som benyttes av norske forskere, og han argumenterer for et snevrere begrep der bruk av betalt ekstern bistand er viktigste begrepskjennetegn. Ved en slik spissing tar vi et «gradert» lobbyingbegrep mht politisk makt og innflytelse, i tillegg til at vi ogsÄ kan undersÞke eventuelle negative virkninger profesjonelllobbying som blir stadig mer vanlig ogsÄ i Norge - har for vÄrt styresett
PĂ„ grensen til ytringsfrihet
Dette er den endelige versjonen forfatteren sendte til forlaget. Den publiserte versjonen finner du her: Gabrielsen, K. (2000). PĂ„ grensen til ytringsfrihet. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift 17(1), 95â10
Kommunikasjon, informasjon og etikk : eller: den fristende fjernheten
Norsk: Den norske informatĂžrens yrkeshistorie er relativ kort, selv om âPRâ ble en del av sprĂ„ket vĂ„rt like etter 2. verdenskrig. PR - fornorsket til
âInformasjon og samfunnskontaktâ - ble for alvor en yrkesbetegnelse fĂžrst rundt 1970, og yrkesgruppen har siden vokst jevnt i takt med at informasjonsfunksjonen er blitt anerkjent bĂ„de i nĂŠringslivet og i den offentlige forvaltning.
I 1999 var det registrert vel 2000 informatĂžrer i Kommunikasjonsforeningen som âorganisererâ informatĂžrer. Ansatt for Ă„ pĂ„virke mĂ„lgrupper er informatĂžren i en mer potent etisk-politisk rolle enn mange andre yrkesutĂžvere. Det mĂ„ derfor stilles krav til den enkelte informatĂžr om etisk-moralsk bevissthet og Ă„rvĂ„kenhet. Hensikten med dette arbeidet er Ă„ bidra til at informatĂžren
gjenkjenner den etiske situasjonen nĂ„r han/hun er i den. Rapporten drĂžfter generelle etiske problemstillinger og det fokuseres dessuten pĂ„ tre âstrukturerâ - sprĂ„ket, teknologien og organisasjonen - for Ă„ vise hvordan informatĂžren
kommer i maktposisjon i forhold til publikum. Rapporten gir fĂ„ svar, men forhĂ„pentligvis et bedre grunnlag til Ă„ stille de rette spĂžrsmĂ„lene.English: The history of professional PR in Norway is relatively short, although âPRâ became part of the vocabulary few years after The second world
war. Since the beginning of the 1970âs, however, PR has been regarded as an im-portant function both in private and in public sector, and in 1999 the number
of PR pratitioners amounted more than 2000. PR is about influencing other people - the target group. Therefore the practitioners evidently is an ethicalpolitical actor in a higher degree than members of most other professions, a matter of fact that demands high ethical consciousness from him/her. The aim of this article is to help the practitioners to recognize the ethical situation whenever he/she is in it, a prerequisite for acting adequately. After having discussed ethical theories, I focus on language, technology and organization in order to show how these unavoidable âstructuresâ are empowering the practitioners in relation to their target groups. The article gives few answers, but hopefully it may help PR practitioners to pose more relevant questions
Technological development under democratic controll : a first draft
Hihm notat nr 2, 1999Sammendrag: Notatet tar utgangspunkt i C. P. Snows berÞmte Cambridge-forelesning (1959) om «de to kulturer», og setter teknologien inn i et idéhistorisk perspektiv fra slutten av 1700-tallet og opp til vÄr tid. Det er sÊrlig synet pÄ teknologiens autonomi og teknologi-determinisme som er interessant i denne sammenhengen. Avslutningsvis diskuterer jeg muligheten for demo-kratisk styring av den teknologiske utviklingen. Her pekes det pÄ viktigheten av at «den be-rÞrte allmenhetten» blir involvert og gir aktiv stÞtte til den teknologipolitikken som fÞres, dvs. at politikken har bredest mulig legitimitet. Dette er spesielt viktig nÄr beslutningene er kontroversielle, fordi det da er noen som blir utsatt for en politikk som de er uenige i. LÞsningen som antydes, er en diskursdemokratisk variant, som bl.a. legger vekt pÄ publikums rett til forstÄelig informasjon, retten til deltakelse og like muligheter til Ä delta i politisk dis-kusjon. Notatet er - med noen fÄ justeringer - identisk med essayet jeg skrev til dr.gradskurset SV POL 861 Teknologi og politikk, ved NTNU hÞsten 1998.Summary: Notatet tar utgangspunkt i C. P. Snows berÞmte Cambridge-forelesning (1959) om «de to kulturer», og setter teknologien inn i et idéhistorisk perspektiv fra slutten av 1700-tallet og opp til vÄr tid. Det er sÊrlig synet pÄ teknologiens autonomi og teknologi-determinisme som er interessant i denne sammenhengen. Avslutningsvis diskuterer jeg muligheten for demo-kratisk styring av den teknologiske utviklingen. Her pekes det pÄ viktigheten av at «den be-rÞrte allmenhetten» blir involvert og gir aktiv stÞtte til den teknologipolitikken som fÞres, dvs. at politikken har bredest mulig legitimitet. Dette er spesielt viktig nÄr beslutningene er kontroversielle, fordi det da er noen som blir utsatt for en politikk som de er uenige i. LÞsningen som antydes, er en diskursdemokratisk variant, som bl.a. legger vekt pÄ publikums rett til forstÄelig informasjon, retten til deltakelse og like muligheter til Ä delta i politisk dis-kusjon. Notatet er - med noen fÄ justeringer - identisk med essayet jeg skrev til dr.gradskurset SV POL 861 Teknologi og politikk, ved NTNU hÞsten 1998
Benthic algal vegetation in Isfjorden, Svalbard
Benthic algal vegetation was investigated at 10 sites in Isfjorden, Svalbard. Five
sites were visited during summer 2010 and five during summer 2012. Both the
littoral and sublittoral vegetation were sampled, the littoral by hand-picking
and use of a throwable rake and the sublittoral using a triangular dredge. A total
of 88 different taxa were registered, comprising 17 Chlorophyta, 40 Ochrophyta,
30 Rhodophyta and the Xantophyceae Vaucheria sp. The green algae Ulvaria
splendens (Ruprecht) Vinogradova was recorded in Svalbard for the first time.
Most of the sites consisted of hard bottom substrate, but one site, Kapp Wijk,
consisted of loose-lying calcareous red algae (rhodoliths) and had species not
recorded elsewhere. The sublittoral at the other sites was dominated by kelp.
Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of the red alga Ceramium virgatum
and a dwarf form of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. This study provides
a baseline for future studies investigating changes in the vegetation due to
environmental changes
GSuite HyperBrowser: integrative analysis of dataset collections across the genome and epigenome
Background: Recent large-scale undertakings such as ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics have generated experimental data mapped to the human reference genome (as genomic tracks) representing a variety of functional elements across a large number of cell types. Despite the high potential value of these publicly available data for a broad variety of investigations, little attention has been given to the analytical methodology necessary for their widespread utilisation. Findings: We here present a first principled treatment of the analysis of collections of genomic tracks. We have developed novel computational and statistical methodology to permit comparative and confirmatory analyses across multiple and disparate data sources. We delineate a set of generic questions that are useful across a broad range of investigations and discuss the implications of choosing different statistical measures and null models. Examples include contrasting analyses across different tissues or diseases. The methodology has been implemented in a comprehensive open-source software system, the GSuite HyperBrowser. To make the functionality accessible to biologists, and to facilitate reproducible analysis, we have also developed a web-based interface providing an expertly guided and customizable way of utilizing the methodology. With this system, many novel biological questions can flexibly be posed and rapidly answered. Conclusions: Through a combination of streamlined data acquisition, interoperable representation of dataset collections, and customizable statistical analysis with guided setup and interpretation, the GSuite HyperBrowser represents a first comprehensive solution for integrative analysis of track collections across the genome and epigenome. The software is available at: https://hyperbrowser.uio.no.This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway (under grant agreements 221580, 218241, and 231217/F20), by the Norwegian Cancer Society (under grant agreements 71220âPR-2006-0433 and 3485238-2013), and by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (under grant agreement 2014041).Peer Reviewe
Dissecting the shared genetic basis of migraine and mental disorders using novel statistical tools
Migraine is three times more prevalent in people with bipolar disorder or depression. The relationship between
schizophrenia and migraine is less certain although glutamatergic and serotonergic neurotransmission are implicated in both. A shared genetic basis to migraine and mental disorders has been suggested but previous studies
have reported weak or non-significant genetic correlations and five shared risk loci. Using the largest samples to
date and novel statistical tools, we aimed to determine the extent to which migraineâs polygenic architecture
overlaps with bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia beyond genetic correlation, and to identify shared
genetic loci.
Summary statistics from genome-wide association studies were acquired from large-scale consortia for migraine
(n cases = 59 674; n controls = 316 078), bipolar disorder (n cases = 20 352; n controls = 31 358), depression
(n cases = 170 756; n controls = 328 443) and schizophrenia (n cases = 40 675, n controls = 64 643). We applied the bivariate causal mixture model to estimate the number of disorder-influencing variants shared between migraine
and each mental disorder, and the conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate method to identify shared loci.
Loci were functionally characterized to provide biological insights.
Univariate MiXeR analysis revealed that migraine was substantially less polygenic (2.8 K disorder-influencing variants) compared to mental disorders (8100â12 300 disorder-influencing variants). Bivariate analysis estimated that
800 (SD = 300), 2100 (SD = 100) and 2300 (SD = 300) variants were shared between bipolar disorder, depression and
schizophrenia, respectively. There was also extensive overlap with intelligence (1800, SD = 300) and educational attainment (2100, SD = 300) but not height (1000, SD = 100). We next identified 14 loci jointly associated with migraine
and depression and 36 loci jointly associated with migraine and schizophrenia, with evidence of consistent genetic
effects in independent samples. No loci were associated with migraine and bipolar disorder. Functional annotation
mapped 37 and 298 genes to migraine and each of depression and schizophrenia, respectively, including several
novel putative migraine genes such as L3MBTL2, CACNB2 and SLC9B1. Gene-set analysis identified several putative
gene sets enriched with mapped genes including transmembrane transport in migraine and schizophrenia.
Most migraine-influencing variants were predicted to influence depression and schizophrenia, although a minority
of mental disorder-influencing variants were shared with migraine due to the difference in polygenicity. Similar
overlap with other brain-related phenotypes suggests this represents a pool of âpleiotropicâ variants that influence
vulnerability to diverse brain-related disorders and traits. We also identified specific loci shared between migraine and each of depression and schizophrenia, implicating shared molecular mechanisms and highlighting candidate
migraine genes for experimental validation
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